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Amniotic Membrane

Some eye conditions affecting the front of the eye can be easily managed with eye drops, lid hygiene, and tear nutrient therapy. However, many eye problems require more advanced treatment.

The eye consists of several structures that work together to provide vision. The cornea, often referred to as the eye's "windscreen," is a clear, blood vessel-free structure through which we see the iris (the coloured part) and the pupil (a black hole in the iris). Surrounding the cornea is a transparent film called the conjunctiva, which covers the white of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.

Damage to the cornea or conjunctiva can cause pain and blurry vision. When these structures are compromised, it’s crucial to restore them to their normal function as quickly as possible. Conditions requiring treatment may include keratitis, corneal scars, chemical burns, corneal defects, recurrent erosion syndrome, and severe dry eye syndrome.

One highly effective treatment option for these issues is the use of amniotic membranes.

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This summary will cover what an amniotic membrane is, how it works, research into its effectiveness, and its safety in eye treatment.

What is an Amniotic Membrane?
Amniotic membranes used in optometry are derived from the placenta during planned caesarean births. These membranes possess healing properties that support a baby’s development in the womb, and these same properties can be harnessed to help repair the surface of the eye.

How Does an Amniotic Membrane Work?
Amniotic membranes reduce inflammation and accelerate healing, leading to less pain and scarring for the patient.

What Does the Research Say?
Amniotic membranes have been used in the USA for over 20 years. Research has shown they possess antimicrobial properties and can be implanted without risk of rejection, as they lack cell-fighting elements that could trigger an immune response.

Is It Safe?
Yes, it is safe. The membrane is harvested during an elective caesarean in sterile conditions, and donors are rigorously screened for transmissible diseases. After collection, the membrane is tested again and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. There are two types used in optometry: cryopreserved (frozen), which may be secured with a ring that can cause some discomfort, and dehydrated membranes, which are vacuum-preserved and primarily used for wound coverage.

How Is the Procedure Done?
Dehydrated amniotic membranes come in dry packaging. Anaesthetic eye drops are applied, and the membrane is placed on the cornea, ensuring correct placement. Saline drops are added, followed by a bandage contact lens to protect the membrane and corneal surface. The membrane dissolves over about seven days, after which the contact lens is removed.

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